Sunday, December 27, 2015
Education at Louisiana State University
Louisiana Tell University (officially Louisiana Province Lincoln and Farming and Mechanised College, oft referred to as LSU) is a open coeducational university placed in Baton Makeup, Louisiana. The University was founded in 1853 in what is now known as Pineville, Louisiana, low the canvass Louisiana Land Seminary of Learning & Expeditionary Academy. The topical LSU important campus was sacred in 1926, and consists of more than 250 buildings constructed in the communication of European Revivification creator Andrea Palladio, and occupies a 650-acre (2.6 km²) plateau on the botanist of the Mississippi River.
LSU is the flagship institution of the Louisiana Propose University System, and the maximal institution of higher upbringing in Louisiana in status of alumna body. In 2011, the University registered nearly 24,000 collegian and over 5,000 graduate students in 14 schools and colleges. Several of LSU's correct schools, much as the E.J. Ourso College of Concern and the Missioner M. Hebert Law Tract, individual conventional subject credit in their individual fields of contemplation. Designated as a land-grant, sea-grant and space-grant hospital, LSU is also noted for its wide research facilities, operating both 800 sponsored search projects funded by agencies such as the Subject Institutes of Eudaimonia, the Federal Field Education, the Human Endowment for the Idiom, and the Individual Aeronautics and Space Management.
LSU's athletics section comic teams in 21 varsity sports (9 men's, 12 women's), and is a member of the NCAA (Subject Collegiate Athletic Tie) and the SEC (South Association). The Lincoln is represented by its mascot, Mike the Human.
Louisiana Country University Agricultural & Mechanized College had its filiation in individual object grants prefabricated by the Merged States governance in 1806, 1811, and 1827 for use as a seminary of acquisition. It was supported as a soldierlike institution and is ease today steeped in martial tradition, sharing rise to the schooltime's denomination "The Ole War Skule." In 1853, the Louisiana Indiscriminate Building secure the Seminary of Learning of the Land of Louisiana left Pineville, Louisiana. The organization opened Jan 2, 1860, with Colonel William Shawnee Sherman as supervisor. A gathering ulterior, Town resigned his job after Louisiana became the ordinal express to splinter from the tight on June 30, 1861, with the play of the English Subject War.
During the course of the war, the University reopened briefly in Apr 1863, but was blinking erst again with the intrusion of the Red River Depression by the Jointure Army. The losses sustained by the establishment during the Set activity were worrying, and after 1863 the seminary remained unreceptive for the residuum of the Civil War. Stalking the deliver of the Confederates at Appomattox Deference Shelter on April 9, 1865, Head General donated two cannons to the establishment. These cannons had been captured from Collaborator forces after the scalelike of the war and had been victimized during the initial onslaught upon Foregather Sumter in Apr 1861. The cannons are allay 2, 1865, only to be turn Oct 15, 1869. On Nov 1, 1869, the institution resumed its exercises in Baton Rouge, where it has since remained. In 1870, the analyze of the infirmary was officially exchanged to Louisiana Province Lincoln.
Louisiana Tell Lincoln Rural & Machinelike College was planted by an act of the assembly, authorised Apr 7, 1874, to disperse out the Married States Morrill Act of 1862, granting lands for this purport. It temporarily unsealed in New Siege, June 1, 1874, where it remained until it merged with Louisiana Land Lincoln in 1877. This prompted the ultimate kinfolk replace for the Lincoln to the Louisiana Land Lincoln and Farming & Automatonlike College.
Education
Education is the process of facilitating learning. Knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits of a group of people are transferred to other people, through storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, or research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may also educate themselves in a process called autodidactic learning.[1] Any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational.
Education is commonly and formally divided into stages such as preschool, primary school, secondary school and then college, universityor apprenticeship. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy.
A right to education has been recognized by some governments. At the global level, Article 13 of the United Nations' 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights recognizes the right of everyone to an education.[2] Although education is compulsoryin most places up to a certain age, attendance at school often isn't, and a minority of parents choose home-schooling, sometimes with the assistance of modern electronic educational technology (also called e-learning). Education can take place in formal or informalsettings.
Education began in prehistory, as adults trained the young in the knowledge and skills deemed necessary in their society. In pre-literate societies this was achieved orally and through imitation. Story-telling passed knowledge, values, and skills from one generation to the next. As cultures began to extend their knowledge beyond skills that could be readily learned through imitation, formal education developed. Schools existed in Egypt at the time of the Middle Kingdom
Plato founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in Europe.[5] The city of Alexandria in Egypt, established in 330 BCE, became the successor to Athens as the intellectual cradle of Ancient Greece. There, the great Library of Alexandria was built in the 3rd century BCE. European civilizations suffered a collapse of literacy and organization following the fall of Rome in AD 476.
In China, Confucius (551-479 BCE), of the State of Lu, was the country's most influential ancient philosopher, whose educational outlook continues to influence the societies of China and neighbors like Korea, Japan and Vietnam. Confucius gathered disciples and searched in vain for a ruler who would adopt his ideals for good governance, but his Analects were written down by followers and have continued to influence education in East Asia into the modern era.[citation needed]
After the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church establishedcathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education. Some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe's modern universities.[6] During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous and influential Chartres Cathedral School. The medieval universities of Western Christendom were well-integrated across all of Western Europe, encouraged freedom of inquiry, and produced a great variety of fine scholars and natural philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas of theUniversity of Naples, Robert Grosseteste of the University of Oxford, an early expositor of a systematic method of scientific experimentation,[7]and Saint Albert the Great, a pioneer of biological field research.[8] Founded in 1088, the University of Bologne is considered the first, and the oldest continually operating university.[9]
Elsewhere during the Middle Ages, Islamic science and mathematics flourished under the Islamic caliphate which was established across the Middle East, extending from the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Indus in the east and to the Almoravid Dynasty and Mali Empire in the south.
The Renaissance in Europe ushered in a new age of scientific and intellectual inquiry and appreciation of ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. Around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg developed a printing press, which allowed works of literature to spread more quickly. The European Age of Empires saw European ideas of education in philosophy, religion, arts and sciences spread out across the globe. Missionaries and scholars also brought back new ideas from other civilisations — as with theJesuit China missions who played a significant role in the transmission of knowledge, science, and culture between China and Europe, translating works from Europe like Euclid's Elements for Chinese scholars and the thoughts of Confucius for European audiences. The Enlightenment saw the emergence of a more secular educational outlook in Europe.
In most countries today, full-time education, whether at school or otherwise, is compulsory for all children up to a certain age. Due to this the proliferation of compulsory education, combined with population growth, UNESCO has calculated that in the next 30 years more people will receive formal education than in all of human history thus far.[10]
What is software?
Software is a
set of program which are designed to perform a well-defined function A program
is a sequence of instructions written to save a particular
problem.
Software two
types
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.
<!--[endif]-->System
software
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.
<!--[endif]-->Application
software
1-System
software
The
system software is a collection eloigned to operate control and extern the
processing capabilities of the computer it off. System software serve as the
interface between hardware and the end users.
Features of
system software are the following.
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.
<!--[endif]-->Crosse to
system
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.
<!--[endif]-->Fast in
speed.
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.
<!--[endif]-->Difficult to
design
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.
<!--[endif]-->Difficult to
understand
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e.
<!--[endif]-->Less
interactive
<!--[if !supportLists]-->f.
<!--[endif]-->Smaller in
size
<!--[if !supportLists]-->g.
<!--[endif]-->Difficult to
manipulate
<!--[if !supportLists]-->h.
<!--[endif]-->Generally
written in low-level language
2-Application
software
Application
software are the software that are designed to satisfy a particular need of a
particular environment. All software prepared by 45in the computer lab can come
under the category of Application software.
Computer
hardware
Represents the
physical and tangible components of the computer i.e. the components that can be
seen and touched. Examples of hardware are following.
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.
<!--[endif]-->Input devices:-
Keyboard, Mouse ,etc
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.
<!--[endif]-->Output devices
:- printer monitor, etc
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.
<!--[endif]-->Secondary
storage devices:- Hard disk CD, DVD, etc.
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.
<!--[endif]-->Internal
composes: CPU, Mother board RSM, etc.
Top computer science schools in Europe
With 41 top computer science universities in the UKalone
and a further 45 between Germany and France,
Europe has a very strong offering for those who wish to study computer
science.
Of the 28 ranked universities in Germany, theTechnische
Universität MĂ¼nchen (TU Munich) is the highest, in joint 32nd place
(54th in
the world rENS
Paristhat takes the national top spot, ranked 51-100 for computer science
(24th in
the world rankings).
ankings), while out of the 17 French offerings, it
is
Italy is
next up, claiming 14 top computer science universities, with the Politecnico
di Milano in 43rd(229th in
the world rankings). In the Netherlands,
10 universities make the ranking, with Delft
University of Technology (86th in
the world rankings) and the University
of Amsterdam (50th in
the world rankings) both within the top 100. Spain claims
a total of seven top universities for computer science, with one entrant in the
top 100: Universitat
Politecnica de Catalunya (337th in
the world rankings).
Meanwhile, Ireland and
Switzerland each have seven entries, with latter’s Ecole
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in 29th place
behind fellow Swiss frontrunner ETH Zurich (9th).
There are six each meanwhile for Belgium and Sweden,
with Belgium’s top offering, KU
Leuven (82nd in
the world rankings), and Sweden’s top offering, KTH,
Royal Institute of Technology (110th in
the world rankings) both ranked 51-100.
Head to Austria and
you’ll find another six top universities for computer science, while Denmark,Finland, Greece and Poland all
have four, and the Czech
Republic and Norway each
have three.Hungary and Portugal also
each have one school featured for computer science. Finally, Russiaclaims
three leading computer science schools, including Lomonosov
Moscow State University at 51-100 (114th in
the world rankings).
Top computer science schools in the US & Canada
Of
the 400 universities featured in this year’s computer science ranking, 17 are
located in Canada.
The highest ranked of these, the University
of Torontocomes in joint 16th place
(20th in
the overall QS World University Rankings® 2014/15). Following in close
stead are the University
of British Colombia (43rd in
the world rankings) and the University
of Waterloo(169th in
the world rankings) which share 24th place.
Predictably given its overall clout in the
higher education world, the US has a total of 70 entries, including six in the
top 10 alone. Just outside of the top 10, you’ll find the University
of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 17th place
(37th in
the world rankings), the University
of Washington in 20th (65th in
the world rankings), the University
of Texas at Austin in 22nd (79th in
the world rankings), the California
Institute of Technology (Caltech, 8th in
the world rankings) and Columbia
University (14th in
the world rankings) in joint 27th ,
and the University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (63rd in
the world rankings) at 30th.
Seventeen more US universities are ranked within the world’s top 100 computer
science schools.
stead are the University of British Colombia (43rd in the world rankings) and the University of Waterloo(169th in the world rankings) which share 24th place.
Predictably given its overall clout in the higher education world, the US has a total of 70 entries, including six in the top 10 alone. Just outside of the top 10, you’ll find the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 17th place (37th in the world rankings), the University of Washington in 20th (65th in the world rankings), the University of Texas at Austin in 22nd (79th in the world rankings), the California Institute of Technology (Caltech, 8th in the world rankings) and Columbia University (14th in the world rankings) in joint 27th , and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (63rd in the world rankings) at 30th. Seventeen more US universities are ranked within the world’s top 100 computer science schools.
What is Computers Generation ?
Generation of
ComputersBased on the characteristics of various computers developed from time
totime, they are categorized as generation of computers. Generation of Computers
First Second Third Fourth FifthGeneration Generation Generation Generation
Generation
The first generation of
computers is said by some to have started in 1946 with ENIAC, the first
'computer' to use electronic valves (ie. vacuum tubes). Others would say it
started in May 1949 with the introduction of EDSAC, the first stored program
computer. Whichever, the distinguishing feature of the first generation
computers was the use of electronic valves.
My personal take on this is that ENIAC was the
World's first electronic calculator and that the era of the first generation
computers began in 1946 because that was the year when people consciously set
out to build stored program computers (many won't agree, and I don't intend to
debate it). The first past the post, as it were, was the EDSAC in 1949. The
period closed about 1958 with the introduction of transistors and the general
adoption of ferrite core memories.
OECD figures indicate that by the end of 1958 about
2,500 first generation computers were installed world-wide. (Compare this with
the number of PCs shipped world-wide in just the third quarter of 2006, quoted
as 59.1 million units by research company Gartner).
Two key events took place in the summer of 1946
at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania.
One was the completion of the ENIAC. The other was the delivery of a course of
lectures on "The Theory and Techniques of Electronic Digital Computers". In
particular, they described the need to store the instructions to manipulate data
in the computer along with the data. The design features worked out by John von
Neumann and his colleagues and described in these lectures laid the foundation
for the development of the first generation of computers. That just left the
technical problems!
One of the projects to commence in 1946 was the
construction of the IAS computer at the Institute of Advanced Study at
Princeton. The IAS computer used a random access electrostatic storage system
and parallel binary arithmetic. It was very fast when compared with the delay
line computers, with their sequential memories and serial arithmetic.
The Princeton group was liberal with
information about their computer and before long many universities around the
world were building their own, close copies. One of these was the SILLIAC at
Sydney University in Australia.
I have written an emulator for SILLIAC. You can
find it here, along with a link to a copy of the SILLIAC Programming
Manual.
Second
Generation Computer
The transition from
first generation to second generation of computers was not abrupt. There was all
round development in technology, designs and programming languages. Diode and
transistor technology formed the basis of the electronic switches and the
switching time came down to around 0.3 microseconds.
Computers like TRADIC and TX-0 built in 1954
used this technology. During this span, the superior magnetic core memory was in
use. Some of the significant innovations of this era are floating point units
for the real number calculations and index registers for controlling loops. This
saved the ordeal of writing self-modifying codes and made the access to
successive elements easy.
In the field of programming languages, there
were superior introductions like FORTRAN (1956), ALGOL (1958) and COBOL (1959).
The second generation also witnessed the development of two supercomputers -
i.e. the most powerful devices amongst the peers. These two were the Liverpool
Atomic Research Computer (LARC) and IBM7030. These machines overlapped memory
operations with processor operations and had primitive type of parallel
processing. Some of the important commercial machines of this era were IBM 704,
709 and 7094. The later introduced I/O processing.
Third
Generation of Computers
In this era, there were several innovations in
various fields of computer technology. These include Integrated Circuits (ICs),
Semiconductor Memories, Microprogramming, various patterns of parallel
processing and introduction of Operating Systems and time-sharing. In the
Integrated Circuit, division there was gradual progress. Firstly, there were
small-scale integration (SSI) circuits (having 10 devices per chip), which
evolved to medium scale integrated (MSI) circuits (having 100 devices per chip).
There were also developments of multi-layered printed circuits.
Parallelism became the trend of the time and
there were abundant use of multiple functional units, overlapping CPU and I/O
operations and internal parallelism in both the instruction and the data
streams. Functional parallelism was first embodied in CDC6600, which contained
10 simultaneously operating functional units and 32 independent memory banks.
This device of Seymour Cray had a computation of 1 million flopping point per
second (1 M Flops). After 5 years CDC7600, the first vector processor was
developed by Cray and it boasted of a speed of 10 M Flops. IBM360/91 was a
contemporary device and was twice as first as CDC6600, whereas IBM360-195 was
comparable to CDC7600. In case of language, this era witnessed the development
of CPL i.e. combined programming language (1963). CPL had many difficult
features and so in order to simplify it Martin Richards developed BCPL - Basic
Computer Programming Language (1967). In 1970 Ken Thompson developed yet another
simplification of CPL and called it B.
Fourth
Generation of Computers
In this generation, there were developments of
large-scale integration or LSI (1000 devices per chip) and very large-scale
integration or VLSI (10000 devices per chip). These developments enabled the
entire processor to fit into a single chip and in fact, for simple systems, the
entire computer with processor; main memory and I/O controllers could fit on a
single chip.
Core memories now were replaced by
semiconductor memories and high-speed vectors dominated the scenario. Names of
few such vectors were Cray1, Cray X-MP and Cyber205. A variety of parallel
architectures developed too, but they were mostly in the experimental
stage.
As far as programming languages are concerned,
there were development of high-level languages like FP or functional programming
and PROLOG (programming in logic). Declarative programming style was the basis
of these languages where a programmer could leave many details to the compiler
or runtime system. Alternatively languages like PASCAL, C used imperative style.
Two other conspicuous developments of this era were the C programming language
and UNIX operating system. Ritchie, the writer of C and Thompson together used C
to write a particular type of UNIX for DEC PDP 11. This C based UNIX was then
widely used in many computers.
Another event that is mention worthy was the
publication of the report by Peter D. Lax in 1982, which was sponsored by the US
department and National Scientific Foundation. The Lax report, as it was called,
emphasized on the need of initiatives and coordinated national attention in the
arena of high performing computing in the US. The immediate response to the Lax
report was the establishment of NSF Supercomputing Centers. Other centers that
came up later were San Diego Supercomputing Center, National Center for
Supercomputing Applications, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, John von Neumann
Center and Cornell Theory Center. These institutes had really been instrumental
in providing computing time on super computers to the students, training them
and also helping in the development of software packages.
Fifth
generation of computers
In this period, computer technology achieved
more superiority and parallel processing, which was until limited to vector
processing and pipelining, where hundreds of processors could all work on
various parts of a single program. There were introduction of systems like the
Sequent Balance 8000, which connected up to twenty processors to one shared
memory module.
This machine was as competent as the DEC
VAX-780 in the context that it had a general purpose UNIX system and each
processor worked on a different user's job. On the other hand, INTEL IPSC-I or
Hypercube, as it was called, connected each processor to its own memory and used
a network interface to connect the processors. With the concept of distributed
network coming in, memory posed no further problem and the largest IPSC-I was
built with 128 processors. Towards the end of the fifth generation, another
parallel processing was introduced in the devices, which were called Data
parallel or SIMD. In this system, all the processors operate under the
instruction of a single control unit.
In this generation semiconductor memories
became the standard were pursued vigorously. Other developments were the
increasing use of single user workstations and widespread use of computer
networks. Both wide area network (WAN) and local area network (LAN) developed at
an incredible pace and led to a distributed computing environment. RISC
technology i.e. a particular technique for the internal organization of CPU and
the plunging cost of RAM ushered in huge gains in computational power of
comparatively cheaper servers and workstations. This generation also witnessed a
sharp increase in both quantitative and qualitative aspects of scientific
visualization.
Networking technology is spreading rapidly and
one of the most conspicuous growths of the sixth generation computer technology
is the huge growth of WAN. For regional network, T1 is the standard and the
national "backbone" uses T3 to interconnect the regional networks. Finally, the
rapid advancement and high level of awareness regarding computer technology is
greatly indebted to the two legislations. Just like the Lax report of 1982, the
High Performance Computing Act of 1991, Information Infrastructure, and
technology Act of 1992 have strengthened and ensured the scope of high
performance computing. The former has ensured the establishment of high
performance computing and communications programming (HPCCP) and the later has
reinforced the necessity of making leading edge technologies available to
academicians right from kindergarten up to graduation level.
What is Computer Science
Computer science is a discipline that spans theory and
practice. It requires thinking both in abstract terms and in concrete terms. The
practical side of computing can be seen everywhere. Nowadays, practically
everyone is a computer user, and many people are even computer programmers.
Getting computers to do what you want them to do requires intensive hands-on
experience. But computer science can be seen on a higher level, as a science of
problem solving. Computer scientists must be adept at modeling and analyzing
problems. They must also be able to design solutions and verify that they are
correct. Problem solving requires precision, creativity, and careful
reasoning.
Computer science also has strong connections to other
disciplines. Many problems in science, engineering, health care, business, and
other areas can be solved effectively with computers, but finding a solution
requires both computer science expertise and knowledge of the particular
application domain. Thus, computer scientists often become proficient in other
subjects.
Finally, computer science has a wide range of
specialties. These include computer architecture, software systems, graphics,
artifical intelligence, computational science, and software engineering. Drawing
from a common core of computer science knowledge, each specialty area focuses on
particular challenges.